麦田群鸦 |
介绍
麦田群鸦 是梵高最具影响力,同时也是最受争议的作品之一。关于这幅作品如此多样化的解析也许已超过了对梵高任何其他作品的分析。有些人认为梵高通过这幅画释放了“自杀信号”,而另一些人却试图透过麦田和乌鸦,看到更深层次的,有积极意义的东西。还有一些评论家更加极端,为了将画中的意象翻译成一门全新的、潜意识中的语言,他们将视线投向了更远的地方——超过了画面本身。 艺术分析在本质上是主观的。对于这幅画最合理的解析应该基于事实。
背景 事实上,与坊间流行的说法不同的是,麦田群鸦 并不是 梵高最后的作品。诚然,如果这幅画果真是梵高自杀前的最后一幅作品,那它对于世人确实会是个不错的礼物——完整并具有象征意义。毋庸置疑的是,这幅狂躁的作品清晰地表达了在麦田里的孤独感。这种孤独感正是梵高在人生的最后几年里作为一个倍感挫败、孤独的艺术家所承受的。另外,两部有名的影片梵高传 和文森特与席奥 都对历史做了些改动,把这幅画描述成梵高的最后一幅画——这更多是出于增强影片戏剧性的考虑,而不是忠于历史事实。尽管人们希望事实如此( 麦田群鸦是梵高最后的作品),但是这个说法还应在铁证面前屈服。 很难确定 麦田群鸦 具体画于哪一年。因为梵高同时期画了多幅类似的作品,并且都在信里提到过。在大约写于1890年7月的信件649号中,梵高描述了三幅画布油画:
信中的这一段让人费解。首先是因为梵高本人前后的描述截然相反。他一方面说他的作品表达了“难过和孤独”,另一方面却说“健康和复苏的力量”。其次,世界上研究梵高信件最权威的专家之一,Jan Hulsker博士称梵高在上面那段信中根本就没提到 麦田群鸦。Hulsker说信中提到的前两幅画应该是麦田和 阴云密布的奥维麦田1。然而,一些其他资料却认为那两幅作品就应该是 麦田群鸦 和 云层下的麦田2。这四幅作品都与梵高“令人不安的天空”的描述大致吻合,但由于梵高没提到这些作品具体的大小(只模模糊糊说它们都很大),所以推测还将继续下去。
不管信件649号
中提到的作品到底是哪几幅,研究梵高的学者Ronald Pickvance在他的在圣雷米和奥维的梵高一书中指出,他赞同Hulsker博士的观点,认为
麦田群鸦 这幅画实际的创作年份还要更早。在仔细研究了信件后,Pickvance认为 麦田群鸦 应该创作于"7月7日到10日的某一天"3。这个时间段距离梵高自杀有两周之多。最后,Hulsker指出,梵高一生创作的最后的画作是 ". . . 杜比尼花园 和 有茅草屋顶和人的小屋,这两幅画都极有可能是梵高的终作。"4
因此,既然
麦田群鸦 已经铁定不是梵高最后的作品了,那么认为这幅画释放“自杀信号”的论断自然就站不住脚了。尽管如此,很多证据都表明麦田群鸦 表达了梵高内心经受的折磨与绝望感。但是对于这样的证据,总会有同样强大的驳论来推翻上述观点。
具有象征性的解释
从象征意义看,有必要分析一下画面中的基本元素,然后再研究一下它们蕴藏的含义。
首先,不管关于“飞向/飞离”的讨论多么有趣,它都终将是个无休止的讨论。正如“鸡生蛋,蛋生鸡”的争论一样,关于乌鸦飞行方向的讨论是注定无果的。
其次,更重要的是,认为乌鸦象征着死亡的说法纯属杜撰。
梵高本人从未认可过这样的说法。他崇尚自然界的万物,在信中不仅没有表现出对乌鸦的厌恶之情,还表达了他对乌鸦的欣赏:
此外,梵高很清楚他仰慕的其他画家对于乌鸦成功的描绘。除了Giacomelli在一幅“出色的”作品里用了乌鸦这一意象外,(信件R29号)梵高还喜欢杜比尼与让-弗朗索瓦·米勒画中的乌鸦,后者是梵高最崇拜的艺术家。(看信件136号)
尽管无视乌鸦作为不详预兆这一众所周知的象征意义很愚蠢,但是因此把这一象征意义用于分析 麦田群鸦 未免有些太过简单和保守了
。
隐含的意思 . . . . .
很多喜欢分析梵高画的象征意义的人将他们的分析带向了另一高度。多年来,有一些人仔细钻研了所谓的隐藏在 画里 的种种象征和图案。他们称这些图案是“隐藏”在画中的,可能是梵高有意而为之(作为给敏锐的后人一张"瓶子里的纸条"),也可能是梵高下意识存放在笔刷背后的,潜意识里的“低语”。
很多人认为像
Korshak女士这样的分析为理解,研究梵高的画开辟了激动人心的新道路。在画笔中究竟潜藏着怎样的秘密?麦田群鸦 中是否真的有隐藏了一个多世纪的图案等待着人们去发现?也许我自己的一些发现能对这些问题给出答案 . . . . .
简而言之,什么都不能。为了表明我的观点,那就是,试图寻找暗藏在画面里的图案是徒劳并且没有收获的工作,我自己也试着“寻宝”。我把这幅画倒过来,然后仔细地观察天空看能不能发现什么。大约五秒钟后,我就发现了一个隐隐约约的像耳朵一样的图案。当我把画面转到一个合适的角度时,这个耳朵图案就变得非常明显了。事实上,太多的时间都花在旋转、裁剪画面上,而不是真正的去寻找。在 麦田群鸦的天空中根本就没有什么“耳朵”。
这类猜测确实挺有意思的。这就像你躺在树下,抬头看天,试图在瞬息万变的云中看到大象或龙的图案。但是不管怎样,坚持认为梵高故意在画里隐藏了一些潜意识里的图案是徒劳的。更糟糕的是,这样的努力使人们无法真正的去欣赏画面整体。那种极力渴望超脱人眼的限制,企图发现点名堂的行为其实是彻底的自欺欺人。
结语
关于 麦田群鸦 不同的解释中有简单的,也有非常离谱的。关于画面象征意义的发掘是个有趣,并且有启发性的事情,但是过度的解释会导致观者因小失大。梵高的作品给我们提供了极其丰富的素材去发掘和欣赏。作为一个有杰出才能的画家,他的画总是非常棒,甚至是极佳的。那些试图寻找 麦田群鸦 暗含意义的人也许会感到失望。对于某些人,他们想更好地理解梵高神话,这种难以抑制的欲望几乎促使他们走上了寻找并不存在的“圣杯”的道路。
观察者会发现,仅是单纯地欣赏 麦田群鸦这幅画就很有意义。画面的色彩、张力和笔触间动荡的和谐感都耐人寻味。而那些触碰不到的秘密,如果的确存在的话,将继续在不可知的空间里流转——正如那些群鸦一样。
|
Owner | City | Country | Date acquired | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Theo van Gogh | Paris | France | 1890-91 | |
Johanna van Gogh-Bonger | Amsterdam | Netherlands | 1891-1925 | |
V.W. van Gogh | Laren | Netherlands | 1925-62 | On loan to the Stedelijk Museum 1931-62. |
Van Gogh Foundation | Amsterdam | Netherlands | 1962 | On loan to the Stedelijk Museum 1962-73. |
Van Gogh Museum | Amsterdam | Netherlands | 1973 | On permanent loan from the Vincent van Gogh Foundation. |
Year | City | Country | Venue | Exhibition Name | Start Date | End Date | No. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1905 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | Stedelijk Museum | Tentoonstelling Vincent van Gogh | 15 July 1905 | 1 August 1905 | 234 |
1905 | Utrecht | Netherlands | Vereeniging 'Voor de Kunst' | Tentoonstelling van schilderijen door Vincent van Gogh | 10 September 1905 | 1 October 1905 | 59 |
1908 | Dresden | Germany | Emil Richter | Vincent van Gogh/Paul Cézanne | |
|
69 |
1908 | Munich (1) | Germany | Moderne Kunsthandlung [F.J. Brakl] | Vincent van Gogh | |
|
71 |
1908 | Berlin (4) | Germany | Paul Cassirer | |
|
69 | |
1908 | Paris (1) | France | Galerie Bernheim-Jeune | Cent tableaux de Vincent van Gogh | 6 January 1908 | 1 February 1908 | 100 |
1908 | Frankfurt | Germany | Frankfurter Kunstverein | Vincent van Gogh Ausstellung | 14 June 1908 | 28 June 1908 | 80 |
1910-11 | London | United Kingdom | Grafton Galleries | Manet and the Post-Impressionists | 8 November 1910 | 16 January 1911 | 71 |
1911-12 | Hamburg | Germany | Galerie Commeter | |
10 November 1911 | |
32 |
1914 | Berlin (1) | Germany | Paul Cassirer | Vincent van Gogh 30 März 1853-29 July 1890. Zehnte Ausstellung | 1 June 1914 | 5 July 1914 | 145 |
1915 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | Gebouw van het Genootschap van kunstenaren Moderne Kunstkring | Vincent van Gogh, werken van genooten. schilderijen, teekeningen en beeldhouwwerien | 26 September 1915 | 30 November 1915 | 20 |
1923 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | Stedelijk Museum | Tentoonstelling van Nederlandsche beeldende kunsten | |
|
128 |
1923-24 | London | United Kingdom | Leicester Galleries | Vincent van Gogh Exhibition | 1 December 1923 | 15 January 1923 | 39 |
1924 | Basel | Switzerland | Kunsthalle Basel | Vincent van Gogh | 27 March 1924 | 4 May 1924 | 79 |
1924 | Zurich | Switzerland | Kunsthaus Zurich | Vincent van Gogh | 3 July 1924 | 10 August 1924 | 76 |
1924 | Stuttgart | Germany | Württembergischer Kunstverein | Ausstellung Vincent van Gogh 1853-1890 | 12 October 1924 | 30 November 1924 | 38 |
1925 | The Hague | Netherlands | Pulchri Studio | Vincent van Gogh | |
|
5 |
1925 | Paris (1) | France | Galerie Marcel Bernheim | Exposition rétrospective d'oeuvres de Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) | 5 January 1925 | 24 January 1925 | 55 |
1927 | Paris | France | Galerie Bernheim-Jeune | Vincent van Gogh l'époque française | 20 June 1927 | 2 July 1927 | |
1928 | Munich | Germany | Graphisches Kabinett | Vincent van Gogh. Fünfunddreißig Unbekannte Gemälde aus Privatbesitz | 5 May 1928 | |
35 |
1930 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | Stedelijk Museum | Vincent van Gogh en zijn tijdgenooten | 6 September 1930 | 2 November 1930 | 108 |
1935-36 | New York | United States | Museum of Modern Art | Vincent van Gogh | 5 November 1935 | 5 January 1936 | 66 |
1936 | Philadelphia | United States | Philadelphia Museum of Art | Vincent van Gogh | 11 January 1936 | 10 February 1936 | 66 |
1936 | Boston | United States | Museum of Fine Arts | Vincent van Gogh | 19 February 1936 | 15 March 1936 | 66 |
1936 | Cleveland (1) | United States | Cleveland Museum of Art | Vincent van Gogh | 25 March 1936 | 19 April 1936 | 66 |
1936 | San Francisco | United States | California Palace of the Legion of Honor | Vincent van Gogh | 28 April 1936 | 24 May 1936 | 66 |
1936 | Kansas City | United States | William Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art and Atkins Museum | Vincent van Gogh | 9 June 1936 | 10 July 1936 | 66 |
1936 | Minneapolis | United States | Minneapolis Institute of Arts | Vincent van Gogh | 20 July 1936 | 17 August 1936 | 66 |
1936 | Chicago | United States | Art Institute of Chicago | Vincent van Gogh | 26 August 1936 | 23 September 1936 | 66 |
1936 | Detroit | United States | Detroit Institute of Arts | Vincent van Gogh | 6 October 1936 | 28 October 1936 | 66 |
1945 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | Stedelijk Museum | Vincent van Gogh | 14 September 1945 | 1 December 1945 | --- |
1946 | Stockholm | Sweden | Nationalmuseum | Vincent van Gogh. Utställning Anordnad till Förmän för Svenska Hollandshjälpen | 8 March 1946 | 28 April 1946 | 104 |
1946 | Gothenburg | Sweden | Göteborgs Konstmuseum | Vincent van Gogh. Utställning Anordnad till Förmän för Svenska Hollandshjälpen | 3 May 1946 | 26 May 1946 | 104 |
1946 | Malmö | Sweden | Malmö Museum | Vincent van Gogh. Utställning Anordnad till Förmän för Svenska Hollandshjälpen | 29 May 1946 | 16 June 1946 | 104 |
1946 | Liège | Belgium | Musée des Beaux-Arts | Vincent van Gogh | 12 October 1946 | 3 November 1946 | 171 |
1946 | Brussels | Belgium | Palais des Beaux-Arts | Vincent van Gogh | 9 November 1946 | 19 December 1946 | 171 |
1946-47 | Mons | Belgium | Musée des Beaux-Arts | Vincent van Gogh | 27 December 1946 | |
171 |
1947 | Paris (1) | France | Musée de l'Orangerie | Vincent van Gogh | 24 January 1947 | 15 March 1947 | 172 |
1947 | Geneva | Switzerland | Musée Rath | 172 oeuvres de Vincent van Gogh | 22 March 1947 | 20 April 1947 | 172 |
1947-48 | London | United Kingdom | Tate Gallery | Vincent van Gogh 1853-1890 | 10 December 1947 | 14 January 1948 | 99 |
1948 | Birmingham | United Kingdom | City Art Gallery | Vincent van Gogh 1853-1890 | 24 January 1948 | 14 February 1948 | 99 |
1948 | Glasgow | Scotland | Art Gallery | Vincent van Gogh 1853-1890 | 21 February 1948 | 14 March 1948 | 99 |
1948 | Bergen | Norway | Kunstforening | Vincent van Gogh, Malerier Tegninger | 23 March 1948 | 18 April 1948 | 67 |
1948 | Oslo | Norway | Kunstnernes Hus | Vincent van Gogh, Malerier Tegninger | 24 April 1948 | 15 May 1948 | 67 |
1949-50 | New York | United States | Metropolitan Museum of Art | Vincent van Gogh Paintings and Drawings. A Special Loan Exhibition | 21 October 1949 | 15 January 1950 | 153 |
1950 | Chicago | United States | Art Institute of Chicago | Vincent van Gogh Paintings and Drawings. A Special Loan Exhibition | 1 February 1950 | 16 April 1950 | 153 |
1951 | Lyons | France | Musée de Lyon | Vincent van Gogh | 5 February 1951 | 27 March 1951 | 83 |
1951 | Arles | France | Musée Réattu | Vincent van Gogh en Provence | 5 May 1951 | 27 May 1951 | 83 |
1953 | The Hague | Netherlands | Haags Gemeentemuseum | Vincent van Gogh 1853-1953 | 30 March 1953 | 17 May 1953 | 197 |
1953 | Otterlo | Netherlands | Kröller-Müller Museum | Eeuwfeest Vincent van Gogh 1853-1953 | 24 May 1953 | 19 July 1953 | 189 |
1953 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | Stedelijk Museum | Eeuwfeest Vincent van Gogh | 23 July 1953 | 20 September 1953 | 189 |
1954 | Zurich | Switzerland | Kunsthaus Zurich | Vincent van Gogh | 9 October 1954 | 21 November 1954 | 77 |
1955 | Palm Beach | United States | Society of the Four Arts | Vincent van Gogh 1853-1890 | 21 January 1955 | 13 February 1955 | 32 |
1955 | Miami | United States | Lowe Gallery of the University of Miami | Vincent van Gogh 1853-1890 | 24 February 1955 | 20 March 1955 | 32 |
1955 | New Orleans | United States | Isaac Delgado Museum | Vincent van Gogh 1853-1890 | 27 March 1955 | 20 April 1955 | 32 |
1955 | Antwerp (1) | Belgium | Feestzaal | Vincent van Gogh | 7 May 1955 | 19 June 1955 | 364 |
1955 | Liverpool | United Kingdom | Walker Art Gallery | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings and Drawings, Mainly from the Collection of Ir. V.W. van Gogh | 29 October 1955 | 10 December 1955 | 83 |
1955-56 | Manchester | United Kingdom | Manchester City Art Gallery | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings and Drawings, Mainly from the Collection of Ir. V.W. van Gogh | 17 December 1955 | 4 February 1956 | 83 |
1956 | Newcastle-upon-Tyne | United Kingdom | Laing Art Gallery | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings and Drawings, Mainly from the Collection of Ir. V.W. van Gogh | 11 February 1956 | 24 March 1956 | 83 |
1957 | Marseilles | France | Musée Cantini | Vincent van Gogh | 12 March 1957 | 28 April 1957 | 87 |
1958 | San Francisco | United States | M.H. de Young Memorial Museum | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings and Drawings | 6 October 1958 | 30 November 1958 | 84 |
1958-59 | Los Angeles | United States | Los Angeles County Museum of Art | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings and Drawings | 10 December 1958 | 18 January 1959 | 84 |
1959 | Portland | United States | Portland Art Museum | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings and Drawings | 28 January 1959 | 1 March 1959 | 84 |
1959 | Seattle | United States | Seattle Art Museum | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings and Drawings | 7 March 1959 | 19 April 1959 | 84 |
1959-60 | Utrecht | Netherlands | Centraal Museum | Vincent van Gogh schilderijen en tekeningen verzameling Ir. V.W. van Gogh | 18 December 1959 | 1 February 1960 | 64 |
1960 | Montreal | Canada | Montreal Museum of Fine Arts | Canada Collects: European Painting 1860-1960 | 6 October 1960 | 6 November 1960 | 79 |
1960 | Ottawa | Canada | National Gallery of Canada | Canada Collects: European Painting 1860-1960 | 17 November 1960 | 18 December 1960 | 79 |
1960-61 | Winnipeg | Canada | Winnipeg Art Gallery | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings-Drawings | 29 December 1960 | 31 January 1961 | 79 |
1961 | Toronto | Canada | Art Gallery of Toronto | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings-Drawings | 10 February 1961 | 12 March 1961 | 79 |
1961 | Baltimore | United States | Baltimore Museum of Art | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings, Watercolours and Drawings | 18 October 1961 | 26 November 1961 | 81 |
1961-62 | Cleveland | United States | Cleveland Museum of Art | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings, Watercolours and Drawings | 5 December 1961 | 14 January 1962 | 81 |
1962 | Buffalo | United States | Albright Art Gallery | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings, Watercolours and Drawings | 30 January 1962 | 11 March 1962 | 81 |
1962 | Boston | United States | Museum of Fine Arts | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings, Watercolours and Drawings | 22 March 1962 | 29 April 1962 | 81 |
1963 | Humlebaek | Denmark | Louisiana | Vincent van Gogh. Malerier og Tegninger | 24 October 1963 | 15 December 1963 | 60 |
1964 | Washington, D.C. | United States | Washington Gallery of Modern Art | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings, Watercolours and Drawings | 2 February 1964 | 19 March 1964 | 60 |
1964 | New York (4) | United States | Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings, Watercolours and Drawings | 2 April 1964 | 28 June 1964 | 60 |
1965 | Charleroi | Belgium | Palais des Beaux-Arts | Vincent van Gogh. Schilderijen, Aquarellen, Tekeningen | 19 January 1965 | 28 March 1965 | 41 |
1965 | Ghent | Belgium | Museum voor Schone Kunsten | Vincent van Gogh. Schilderijen, Aquarellen, Tekeningen | 19 February 1965 | 21 March 1965 | 41 |
1965 | Stockholm | Sweden | Moderna Museet | Vincent van Gogh. Mälningar, Akvareller, Teckningar | 23 October 1965 | 19 December 1965 | 60 |
1965-66 | Gothenburg | Sweden | Göteborgs Konstmuseum | Vincent van Gogh. Mälningar, Akvareller, Teckningar | 30 December 1965 | 20 February 1966 | 60 |
1967 | Wolfsburg | Germany | Stadhalle Wolfsburg | Vincent van Gogh. Gemälde, Aquarelle, Zeichnungen | 18 February 1967 | 2 April 1967 | 81 |
1968-69 | London | United Kingdom | Hayward Gallery | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings and Drawings of the Vincent van Gogh Foundation Amsterdam | 23 October 1968 | 12 January 1969 | 201 |
1970 | Baltimore | United States | Baltimore Museum of Art | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings and Drawings | 11 October 1970 | 29 November 1970 | 68 |
1970-71 | San Francisco | United States | M.H. de Young Memorial Museum | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings and Drawings | 11 December 1970 | 31 January 1971 | 68 |
1971 | Brooklyn | United States | Brooklyn Museum | Vincent van Gogh. Paintings and Drawings | 14 February 1971 | 4 April 1971 | 68 |
1973 | Bern | Switzerland | Kunstmuseum Bern | Vincent van Gogh. Collection du Musée National Vincent van Gogh à Amsterdam | 25 January 1973 | 15 April 1973 | 47 |
1986-87 | New York | United States | Metropolitan Museum of Art | Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers | 12 November 1986 | 22 March 1987 | 85 |
1990 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | Van Gogh Museum | Vincent van Gogh. Schilderijen | 30 March 1990 | 29 July 1990 | 132 |
1997 | Tokyo | Japan | Seiji Togo Memorial Yasuda Kasai Museum of Art | Vincent van Gogh and His Time. Four Seasons from the Vincent van Gogh Museum and the H.W. Mesdag Museum | 12 September 1997 | 11 November 1997 | |
1998-99 | Washington, D.C. | United States | National Gallery of Art | Van Gogh's Van Goghs. Masterpieces from the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam | 4 October 1998 | 3 January 1999 | 70 |
1999 | Los Angeles | United States | Los Angeles County Museum of Art | Van Gogh's Van Goghs. Masterpieces from the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam | 17 January 1999 | 16 May 1999 | 70 |
2003 | Amsterdam (2) | Netherlands | Van Gogh Museum | Gogh Modern | 27 June 2003 | 12 October 2003 | --- |
2005-06 | Amsterdam (1) | Netherlands | Van Gogh Museum | Fierce Friends: Artists & Animals in the Industrial Era, 1750-1900 | 5 October 2005 | 5 February 2006 | |
2006-07 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | Van Gogh Museum | Vincent van Gogh and Expressionism | 24 November 2006 | 4 March 2007 | --- |