Vincent van Gogh: The Drawings (Orphan Man with Top Hat)

Throughout late 1882 and early 1883 Vincent van Gogh undertook a series of studies featuring "orphan men" (a colloquial term for Dutch war veterans). Van Gogh was living in The Hague and he sought, through drawing, a means to allow him to continually hone his evolving artistic skills. Inspired by a comparable series Heads of the People published in the English illustrated periodical The Graphic Van Gogh went on to produce thirty-seven drawings featuring these elderly men.

The subject of this particular drawing is Adrianus Jacobus Zuijderland (also spelled Zuyderland) who resided at the Dutch Reformed Old Peoples' Home in The Hague. W.J.A. Visser noted the subject of the drawing was shown wearing an almshouse registration number of the arm of his coat. The stylized "199" lead Visser to discover Zuijderland's identity from the archives of the Old Peoples' Home.

David Acton, Curator of Prints, Drawings and Photographs at the Worcester Art Museum comments on Visser's research:

. . . Visser used this number to determine that the sitter was the seventy-two-year-old Adrianus Jacobus Zuijderland, a pensioner who first registered at the almshouse on 6 July 1876. A native of The Hague, he had fought in the Ten Days’ Campaign of Holland against Belgium in 1830, a rebellion that led to the separation and independence of the two countries six years later. For his participation in that campaign Zuijderland was awarded the Metal Cross, a decoration that he proudly displayed on his lapel.¹

Shortly before Christmas, 1882 Vincent van Gogh wrote to his brother, Theo, and expressed a warm affection for Mr. Zuijderland:

So I am now working on two large heads of an old man from the workhouse, with his wide beard and his shabby old-fashioned top hat. The old fellow has the kind of wrinkled, witty face that one should like to have near a cozy Christmas fire.

Letter 254

Van Gogh's comments suggest that he not only enjoyed Zuijderland's character, but also his somewhat harsh physiognomy which would be a standard throughout Vincent's orphan man series. He would draw Zuijderland six times altogether: four in dress clothing (the present drawing and those three seen in Table 1) and two in fisherman's clothing (see Table 2).

Table 1: Subject as Orphan Man

Title	F	JH	Location	Thumbnail
Orphan Man, Bareheaded, Head	955	355	Private collection
Old Man in a Tail-coat	977	243	Amsterdam, Van Gogh Museum
Orphan Man with Top Hat, Head	954a	288	Johannesburg, Municipal Art Gallery

Van Gogh was pleased with his work on the men from the Old People's Home. Certainly the drawings from this series show a marked improvement over those Van Gogh attempted, say, a year earlier. His persistence paid off and his skill as an artist was truly coming to fruition. In early 1883 Van Gogh would use the same subjects--the elderly men--but now he wanted them to pose as weathered fishermen. With a worn sou'wester hat and a rain coat he achieved the desired effect.

Around 21 January 1883 Vincent wrote to Theo:

Though I have written you often, I am very hard at work. I cannot tell you how I long to speak with you about many things. Tomorrow I get a sou'wester for the heads. Heads of fishermen, old and young, that's what I have been thinking of for a long time, and I have made one already, then afterward I couldn't get a sou'wester. Now I shall have one of my own, an old one over which many storms and seas have passed.

Letter 261

Van Gogh would produce at least eight of his fisherman series. In the first volume of drawings from the new catalogues of the collection of the Van Gogh Museum, Sjraar van Heugten identifies the subject of two of these as Adrianus Jacobus Zuijderland²:

Table 2: Subject as Fisherman

Title	F	JH	Location	Thumbnail
Fisherman with Sou'wester, Pipe and Coal-pan	1016	304	Amsterdam, Van Gogh Museum
Fisherman with Sou'wester, Sitting with Pipe	1010	306	Otterlo, Kröller-Müller Museum

Vincent van Gogh had a great love for portraiture and he would draw and paint people throughout his career. In keeping with his life-long empathy for the poor and downtrodden, most of the subjects of Vincent's portraits are those less fortunate than most. Van Gogh's orphan man series as well as the fishermen drawings reveal stark contrasts: the worry-worn and harshly realistic faces of the subjects are coupled with a sympathetic and compassionate undercurrent that softens the severity of the subject.

Van Gogh himself wrote of his fondness for Adrianus Jacobus Zuijderland. Vincent probably felt the same compassion for most of the subjects of his portraits. While Van Gogh's religious fervour was all but extinguished by the time he drew Zuijderland's portrait, words paraphrased from one of his favourite Bible passages may have still guided his hand:

"Blessed are they that mourn, blessed are they that sorrow, but always rejoice, blessed are the pure in heart for they shall see God. Blessed are those that find love on their road, who are bound together by God, for to them all things will work together for their good."

Notes

David Acton, Master Drawings from the Worcester Art Museum (Hudson Hills Press, 1998), p. 158.
Sjraar van Heugten, Volume One: Drawings--The Early Years, 1880-1883, (V+K Publishing, 1996), p. 200.

	Details
	Charcoal and crayon on cream wove paper 40 x 24.5 cm. The Hague: Late December, 1882 F 954, JH 287 Worcester, Massachusetts: Worcester Art Museum
	History
	Provenance Exhibitions
	Analysis
	See below

Owner	Location	Date acquired	Comments
H.P. Bremmer	The Hague
Van Wisselingh Art Gallery	Amsterdam
Mr. and Mrs. Chapin Riley	Worcester, Mass.
Worcester Art Museum	Worcester, Mass.	1957	Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Chapin Riley in memory of Francis Henry Taylor.

Year	City	Country	Venue	Exhibition Name	Start Date	End Date
1958	Worcester	United States	Worcester Art Museum	European Drawings from the Museum Collection
1980	Tallahassee	United States	Florida State University	The Influences of Nineteenth-Century Illustration	April 18, 1980	May 10, 1980
1982	Memphis	United States	Dixon Gallery and Gardens	The Genius of Van Gogh
1985	Tokyo	Japan	National Museum of Western Art	Vincent van Gogh exhibition	October 12, 1985	December 08, 1985
1985-86	Nagoya	Japan	Nagoya City Museum	Vincent van Gogh exhibition	December 21, 1985	February 02, 1986
1990	Otterlo	Netherlands	Kröller-Müller Museum	Vincent van Gogh. Tekeningen	March 30, 1990	July 29, 1990
1998	Worcester	United States	Worcester Art Museum	Master Drawings from the Worcester Art Museum	April 18, 1998	June 21, 1998
1998-99	Ann Arbor	United States	University of Michigan Museum of Art	Master Drawings from the Worcester Art Museum	November 07, 1998	January 17, 1999
1999	Davenport	United States	Davenport (Iowa) Museum of Art	Master Drawings from the Worcester Art Museum	February 07, 1999	April 11, 1999
1999	Atlanta (2)	United States	Michael C. Carlos Museum, Emory University	Master Drawings from the Worcester Art Museum	May 08, 1999	July 11, 1999

Provenance

Exhibitions